Corn Essay Example for Free

Corn EssayDemand for Corn If the call for for maize increases due to its use as an selection energy source, the supply of corn stockpile like soya bean would decrease. This would happen because as the demand of corn rises, the price of corn would rise. Therefore the producers of a substitute like soybean would start producing corn instead of the soybean considering that they both have the selfsame(prenominal) farmland. The producers of soybean will expect to make more dough by selling corn at a higher price assuming the cost of production remains the same. Therefore the quantity supplied of substitute much(prenominal) as soybean would reduce.Price of Corn The price increase of corn would lead to an increase in the price of corn oil. Corn will make as a high raw material cost in producing corn oil. Moreover as the demand for corn is to be used in the production of alternate energy rises, the total quantity supplied for production of corn oil would decrease initially wher eas the quantity demanded for corn will remain the same and hence the price of corn will rise which ultimately cause the price of corn oil to rise.Price of Elasticity The price elasticity of demand for corn oil will eventually lead to a decrease in demand for corn oil and hence as the demand decreases, sales will drop and total tax revenue earned by sellers of corn will decline. In the market there are many available substitutes for a product like Corn oil. Corn oil is not a necessity for life and can be substituted with other related products. In this racing shell soybean oil would be a close substitute for corn oil. Hence as with the price elasticity of demand, increase in price of the corn oil would lead to decrease in demand of the corn oil as the consumers will switch from high priced corn oil to the cheaper substitute soybean oil. In effect with the decrease in demand of corn oil the sales would fall leading to a decrease in the Total revenue earned by the sellers of corn o il.

The Patriot Act Essay Example for Free

The Patriot bit EssayAfter the atrocious terrorist attacks on the joined States in September 2001, the Government has foc drilld an overwhelming amount of attention on combating terrorism. On October 26, 2001 the Bush Administration passed the Uniting and Strengthening the States by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, infamously k at presentn as Patriot Act. Practically, Patriot Act significantly expands the power of the federal regimen to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and some other plagues. Although the US Congress while enacting this bill thought of the ways to protect America from future terrorist attacks, it failed to balance acceptably the Act with Americans accomplished and constitutional liberties (Strickland, 26). Ironically, the bill created to protect against terrorism extends beyond its limited goal, jeopardizing the civil liberties of Ame ricans more than infallible and creating more opportunities for privacy and freedom violations.History illustrates that, in times of peril, hastily taken measures often weaken governmental restrictions against coercive and intrusive powers and often infringe on civil liberties without substantially enhancing shelter. Throughout United States history, the demesne allowed civil liberties to be sacrificed in face of what seemed to be legitimate exigencies of war the Alien and Sedition Acts, the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, the blacklisting of supposed communist sympathizers during the McCarthy era, and the governments surveillance of civil rights leaders in the 1960s (Pike, 20).These abuses should not be forgotten in this war against terrorism, but rather used as a lesson that the risk of governmental abuse is substantial. As Louis D. Brandeis explained, experience should teach us to be close on our guard to protect liberty when the governments purposes a re beneficent . . . The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-intentioned but without understanding (Gastil and Sussman, 116). This history of abuse indicates that civil liberty violations will likely be a reality if the governmental actions are not conservatively constructed with safeguards.From the critical standpoint, the US Patriot Act evidently lacks these safeguards. According to professor Chimerinsky, some loss of freedom may be necessary to ensure security but not every sacrifice of liberty is warranted . . . The central question must be what rights need to be sacrificed, under what circumstances, and for what gain (Congress Hearings, Lexis-Nexis, 2001). From the very beginning, the Act does not define what a suspected terrorist is, or how the government may go about suspecting someone of terrorism.Potentially, this lack of transparency gives the government an opportunity to use the norms of the Act virtually on every American. The US Code of Federal Regulations defines terrorism as the un justiceful use of force and violence against persons or place to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (28 C. F. R. fragment 0. 85). However, this interpretation is rarely adhered to in practice.Title 2, section 201 of Patriot Act, entitled Authority to Intercept Wire, Oral, and Electronic Communications Relating to Terrorism amends plane section 2516(1) of title 18, US Code. It allows any criminal violation relating to chemical weapons or terrorism to authorize eavesdropping on the perpetrator. Section 215 also gives the United States government the right to gain gravel to records and other items under the foreign intelligence surveillance act. This includes everything from dental records to fingerprints and criminal history.Perhaps the most menacing part of the Patriot Act, however, is Title V, entitled Removing Obstacles to investigating Terrorism, which features sections which allows DNA identification of terrorists and other violent offenders, forces local law enforcement to relinquish control and all data over to federal law enforcement, allows disclosure of educational records, and allows disclosure of development from NCES surveys. Not only(prenominal) these provisions make the Act to be unjust and inappropriate, but they also violate all the norms established by the US Constitution regarding civil rights and liberties.Guaranteeing the security of the United States is the most fundamental governmental objectives and intelligence surveillance plays a critical role in the vindication of national security. However, protecting civil liberties is of great importance, and that is why the issue of surveillance went through years of debate. The values of the Constitution of the United States render united the country for more than 200 years. The framers designed the Constitution to protect civil l iberties in times of war as well as in times of peace.It necessary to remember that the Constitution was designed at the time when America won the Revolutionary War the time that was not comfortable or easy, and enemies posed a real threat. However, protecting civil liberties remained a central goal. Similarly, the current threat of terrorism cannot now be used as excuse to disregard civil liberties provided by the Constitution. American ideals and values must be respected to maintain the strength of the United States. Commitment to the principles of the Constitution in the face of terrorist atrocities will coif justice and demonstrate the strength of the United States to the world.Even before September 11th, the government acknowledged that terrorists hope to provoke responses that undermine the Constitution of the United States. For instance, a report published before the Patriot Act argued that counterterrorism policies must be effective, but must also respect the democratic tr aditions (Bernstein, 29). Meanwhile, the Patriot Act could father profound implications on the democracy of the United States. Privacy involves the relationship of the individual to the state, the most fundamental aspect of a government.Since the beginning of the United States, Americans have been affiliated to the idea that people have the right to control how much cultivation about their thoughts, feelings, choices and political beliefs is disclosed (France M. et al, 83). Privacy acts as the boundary that provides protection from the away(p) world and maintains human dignity. Privacy works to shield minorities and outsiders from persecution, something America prides itself in providing. By reducing our commitment to privacy, we risk changing what it means to be Americans (France M. t al, 84). The analysis of the Acts sections depicts whole unconstitutional character of this controversial bill. For instance, Section 218 blurs the essential distinction between criminal and intel ligence surveillance. It requires only that a significant purpose of a search or wiretap be to obtain foreign intelligence information (Hearings, Lexis-Nexis, 3162/218). The addition of the word significant eliminates the prior FISA civil liberty safeguard that separated criminal surveillance from intelligence surveillance.Now the Patriot Act allows a search to be performed under the foregoing surveillance guidelines even if the motivation is to get criminal evidence, not foreign intelligence information. In contemporary context, this change allows the FBI to conduct secret searches or to on the QT record telephone conversations without presumable cause when their primary purpose is to obtain criminal information, not to gather foreign intelligence (ACLU, 2005). As a result, Section 218 threatens the civil liberties of Americans who pose no terrorist threat.Moreover, the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer tha t it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime (US Constitution, AM IV). Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance.However, the change made by Section 218 authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. As long as law enforcement officials can find some aspect of the surveillance relating to intelligence gathering, the surveillance is now very likely to be allowed even if the surveillance is primarily conducted for criminal investigation purposes.Form the critical standpoint, the word significant is not enough of a safeguard to protect the probable cause requirement for criminal investigations. Prior to the Patriot Act, the statutes that governed the use of pen registration and seaman and trace devices were structured harmonize to the understanding that the telephone was the predominate method of communication across a distance. To obtain a court order, the law enforcement officer needs to attest that the information to be obtained is relevant to an ongoing criminal investigation (18 U.S. C. , 3123 (a), 2001). In order to have coming to the contents of the telephone communication, the officer had to prove probable cause, that is, that a crime has occurred, is occurring, or will occur (18 U. S. C. S. , 3122, 1993). Therefore, previous policy somehow limited the access law enforcement officials have to obtain call content. Not only has the Patriot Act simplified the procedure of obtaining court orders, it also extends the rights of law enforcement officers to access everything from hard- wire telephones to Internet communications.Now, Section 216 gives law enforcement agents access to dialing, addressing, routing or signaling information transmitted by an instrument or facility from which a wire or electronic communication is transmitted, once they have obtained pen register and trap and trace orders. In addition to the outgoing dialed telephone numbers and the origin of the incoming telephone calls, pen registers and trap and trace orders now give access to much more information contained in an electronic communication the routing, addressing and signaling information of an electronic communication.Taking into consideration that in the US modern history, the FBI has repeatedly abused its powers, the Patriot Act jeopardizes significantly Americans right to privacy as well as other civil liberties. For example, during 1960s the FBI has investigated people because of ethnic play down or political viewpoint, both of which unjustly invade the sacred American right of i ndividual privacy. Reasons why the government, blindfolded congressmen and other officials allow the possibility for infamous historical incidents and violations to happen again remain unclear.For now, the only thing which is clear is that my personal privacy as well as privacy of my family and friends is under continual threat. Quite possibly, my email correspondence with my foreign friends or relatives is under careful watch of FBI or other Homeland Security agents. My educational records along with other private information are easily accessible for unclear and non-transparent purposes. And although my correspondence, my online diaries, weblogs, email, etc do not represent any threat for the United States, there is no justification and reasons for why they should be available for surveillance.Finally, the US Patriot Act is apparently neither effective vehicle to protect citizens from terrorism nor it conforms to the Constitution. Practically, it impedes your, my, their civil lib erties. The Government should have first determined and analyzed the barriers inhibiting effective use of existing policies that protect against terrorism, and only then utilize such aggressive control over our liberty.

Success Depends on Good Leadership

Success Depends on Good LeadershipIntroductionLeadership is a affect by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective of a firm. An organisations success depends on the safe(p) leadership in that scheme. Good leaders ar do not born. If you have the desire and the will power, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a neer ending twist of self study, education, training and experience. To inspire workers into higher levels of team work there are certain things to know and do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills.Leadership is a process where by an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leaders simple machinery out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. This is called process leadership. spell leadership is learned, the skills and knowledge processed by the leader can be influence by his or her attributes such as beliefs, values, ethics, an character. Knowledge and skills contribute straight off to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characterstics that make him or her unique. (http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadcon.html)Characterstics of a trustworthy leaderTrust deservingyA good leader has an exemplary character. It is of utmost importance that a leader is trustworthy to lead other. A leader needs to be trusted and be known to live their life with honestly and intergrity. A good leader walks the talk and in doing so earns the right to have right for others. True countenance is born from respect for the good character and trustworthiness of the person who leads .EnthusiasthicA good leader is enthusiastic about their work or ca social occasion and in like manner about their role as leader. People will respond more openly to a person of passion and dedication. Leaders need to be abl eto be a source of inspiration, and be a motivator towards the required action. Although the responsibilities and the roles of a leader may be different, the leader needs to be seen to be get around of the team working towards the goal.ConfidentA good leader is confident. In order to lead and set direction a leader needs to pop out confidentas a person and in the leadership role. Such a person inspires confidence in others and draws out the trust and best efforts of the team to complete the travail well. A leader who conveys confidence towards the proposed objective inspires the best effort from team members.TolerantGood leaders are tolerant of ambiguity and remain calm, undisturbed and steadfast to the main purpose. Storms, emotions, and crises come and go and a good leader takes these as part of the journey and keeps a cool head.Main focus on goalA good leader, as well as keeping the main goal in focus, is able to think analytically. Not only does a good leader view a situatio n as a whole, but is able to break it down into sub parts for closer inspection. fleck keeping the goal in view, a good leader can break it down into manageable steps and make progress towards it.PositiveA leader also needs to function in an orderly and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty. People look to the leader during times of uncertainty and strangeness and find reassurance and security when the leader portrays confidence and a positive demeanor.Good communicatorA good leader easily explain to the others what he want to state and easily convey the ideas. He also easily understands the problems of his workers. Good communication makes a leadership more efficient and effective.These personal characteristics are foundational to good leadership. about characteristics may be more naturally present in the personality of a leader. However, each of these characteristics can also be developed and strengthened. A good leader whether they naturally possess these qualities o r not, will be diligent to consistently develop and strengthen them in their leadership role. (http//ezinearticles.com/?Seven-Personal-Characteristics-Of-A-Good-Leaderid=59305)Two good wrinkle leadersVijay Mallya (Chairman of the United Breweries Group and Kingfisher Airlines)Talk of style, elegance and flamboyance He is a tycoon of indian business industry. He is very stylish and had a great impact on his collegeous.He also invest his money in games. Last year he invest money in Indian primier league of cricket. He invest on banglore team. He always remain in top stories in india.Vijay Mallya is the apt name. Even though Kingfisher Airlines might be incurring losses every quarter, Vijay Mallya has always been in the limelight for every other reason. His Kingfisher beer is omnipresent in India, and also after purchasing the Whyte and Mackay in 2007 for $1.2 billion, he gathered the chance to sell premium scotch to the worlds largest whiskey market.He is a good leader. Even though in losses he never gives up, he always move forward to gain profits.Ratan Tata (Chairman, Tata Group)a) He has always been soft-spoken and media-shy.b) The most admired business leader in India. Steel, telecom, autos, and minelaying interests of his group are diverse. More recognition was meted out to the group by the multibillion-dollar takeovers of steelmaker Corus and automakers Jaguar and Land Rover. New craze with the launch of the small car in India, Ratan Tata has made it really big in the Indian business environment. (http//business.mapsofindia.com/india-business/top-indian-business-leaders-2009.html)Part B1. Poor communication by senior prudenceThe culture in our work locate, and the way we feel about working somewhere has a direct correlation to the performance levels that can be achieved. It is likely, then, that the performance in your business area is also under-achieving, which will add additional pressures to a management team already under stress.Any senior manage r worth their salt should recognise that the leadership team are having a negative impact on performance and culture in your organisation, and that it needs to change.So it is the responsibility of the leader or manager to sort out the problems of the workers by communicating well with them.2. Office politicsIn the organization sometimes the leaders use the politics amoung the workers to increase the profits or efficiency of the firm, which sometimes had adverse impact on the structure.The leaders praise the nearer worker to them than the actual one. on that fact that worker always pull others downwards.It decreases the effieciency of the works and firm march towards loses.3. Lack of teamworkTeam work has great influence on work place if there is not proper flow of information from top level to lower level it means there is lack of team support in an organization.As a result company production drop immediately and it means company have to improve it for workers satisfaction and in t his way organization look forward for future profit.4. The use of politically correct languagePolitical correct language is a term used to describe language, ideas, policies, or behaviour seen as seeking to minimize offence to gender, racial, cultural, disabled, aged or other identity groups.Use of correct language can improve good communication between staff members and employers in this way we can say that companies can move forward without any hazard.5. Nosy co-workersIf a company unavailing to handle workers properly and dontprovide skills and material on time so there is problem related to product shape and size.workers dont show enthusiam in work this means an organisation unable to meet the reqirement of workers.Referenceshttp//business.mapsofindia.com/india-business/top-indian-business-leaders-2009.html. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//business.mapsofindia.com/india-business/top-indian-business-leaders-2009.htmlhttp//ezinearticles.com/?Seven-Personal-Characteristics-Of-A-Good- Leaderid=59305. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//ezinearticles.com/?Seven-Personal-Characteristics-Of-A-Good-Leaderid=59305http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadcon.html. http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadcon.html.

Tesco Nature Scope And Purpose Of Strategic Management

Tesco Nature Scope And Purpose Of Strategic ManagementINTRODUCTIONTesco started as a unrivaled-man affair in Londons East End. Tesco was founded by jack up Cohen, son of a Polish Jewish tailor. He sold groceries in the commercializes of the East End from 1919.The Tesco brand set-back appe ard in 1924. The name derived after red cent Cohen bought a large shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell (formerly Messrs Torring and Stockwell of Mincing Lane), he made new labels by using the first cardinal letters of the suppliers name and the first two letters of his surname forming the word TESCO.The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgw ar, and London. The firm was floated on the London Stock transmute on 23 December 1947. The first Tesco self-service store opened in 1948 in St Albans and is still trading in 2006 as a Tesco vacuum tube store.The first Tesco supermarket was opened in 1956 in a converted cinema in Maldon, Essex.Tescos first superstore was opened in 1968 i n Crawley, West Sussex. The group began inter flip petrol in 1974 and its annual turnoer reached one billion pounds in 1979. Also In 1975 Tesco opened one of its first Hypermarkets in Irlam. The first Hypermarket below the Extra name opened in 1997.EXPANSIONIn 1994, the company took over the Scottish supermarket mountain chain William Low. Tesco successfully fought murder Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm, which operated 57 stores north-central of the border, paving the way for Tesco to expand its weak presence in Scotland. To the present day, Tesco has based its Scottish headquarters at the former Wm. Low offices in Dundee. From elfin beginnings in Scotland Inverness was recently branded as Tescotown, since an estimated 50p in e rattling 1 spent on food is believed to be spent in the three Tesco stores in spite of appearance the city. (Nation on the wholey, it is estimated that 1 in e truly 8 is the proportion spent) It introduced a truth card branded Clubca rd in 1995 and later an Internet shopping service.During the 1990s it spread out into Central Europe, Ireland and East Asia. In July 2001 it became involved in internet grocery selling in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks. In October 2003 it launched a UK telecoms division, comprising of mobile and home phone services, to complement its existing internet service provider business. In August 2004, it alikewise launched a broadband service.NATURE, oscillo oscilloscope AND PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC steeringNATURETesco opened its first store in Edgw are, North London in 1929.It is founded by John Cohen and T. E. Stockwell. Tesco mainly employment strategies to build customer loyalty. It reached the billion pound turnover in 1979.It became the first UK business to reach 2 billion pound and became the largest retailer in UK. dodgingAccording to Johnson and Scholes schema is furbish upd asthe direction and scope of an placement over the long term which achieves adva n drop behinde for the organisation with it configuration of resources within a changing enviroment,to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations.Tescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its schema and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder jacklight Cohen. The disadvantage of this was that the stores had a poor image with lower-middle-class customers. In the late 1970s Tescos brand image was so negative that consultants advised the company to change the name of its stores. It did not accept this advice, yet by early 2005 it was the largest retailer in the United Kingdom, with a 29.0% share of the grocery market according to retail analysts TNS Super Panel, compared to the 16.8% share of ASDA and 15.6% share of third-placed Sainsburys, which had been the market attracter until it was overtaken by Tesco in 1995.Key to successFocus on customers.Focus heavily on value for money.Finest and low price.Core UK business.Non-food business.Retailing services.International Expansion. mountain chainAccording to Mintzberg and Quinn there are five definitions if dodgingStrategy as a planStrategy as a patternStrategy as a positionStrategy as a perspectiveStrategy as a ployTescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its dodging and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder Jack Cohen.Levels of planningPlanning of strategy in any organisation is categorised into three levelsTop level planning this is done by the top focus and is termed as strategic planning. It is a long range planning and is linked to long range goals.Second level planningThis is carried out by higher(prenominal)-ranking executives and is termed as tactical planning. The plans are devised to achieve the organisations main objectives. The long-range plans of the organisation are segmented and are oriented to functions and parts.Third level planningThis is the uphold of the departmental managers and supervisors and is called activity planning or operational planning. It is confined to short term activities and also individual assignments and establishes performance of the organisation.Corporate strategyIt is concerned with the boilersuit break up and scope of the business to meet stake holder expectations.It is often expressed as mission statement of the organisation.The companys mission statement reads, Our core purpose is, To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. We deliver this through our values, No-one tries harder for customers, and Treat people how we like to be treated. The underlying aim is of course to make higher profits, but there is a clear focus on customer service at the top level of the company.Business strategyIt is concerned with how a business competes successfully in a especial(a) market.Tescos business strategy is toExpand ov erseasMaintain a strong uk businessExpand into non-food switchOperational strategyIt is concerned with the operations to deliver the corporate and business strategy of the organisation.Tesco has its every little helps strategy to make both its employees and customers happy part achieving the organisational goals.PURPOSETesco adopts its strategy with a core purpose to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. This is expressed as two key values.No one tries harder for customersTreat people as we like to be treated.Tesco positions all its resources with a purpose to satisfy this strategy while achieving its organisational goals.PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENTWhile the corporate strategy of an organisation sets the objectives for different businesses business strategy deals with individual sections of the overall business and the operational strategy directs and determines each function of the organisation.The do work of business strategy of Tesco can be outlined asStating and understanding The Companys vision.Stating and understanding The Companys mission.Analysing the business environment.Crafting and evaluation of strategy.Implementation, monitoring and control.VISIONTescos vision can be clearly understood in the statement of its CEO Terry Leahy we induct got only 5% of the non-food market in Britain, we have got only 6% of the contrivance market and we have got only 2-3% of the banking market In all these examples we could be much bigger.This statement clearly presents the idea where Tesco wants to be in the future.MISSIONA mission statement spells out the central purpose and shared values of a business organisation.Mission of Tesco is To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty which is delivered through two key values no one tries harder for customers and treat people how they like to be treated. abbreviation OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTFor the formulation of strategy, it is infallible to study the organis ational environment. These would include polity-making, economic, social and technological factors.According to Johnson and ScholesManagers tone difficulties in trying to understand the environment. First, the environment encapsulates many different yields the difficulty is making aesthesis of this diversity in a way which can contribute to strategic decision making.A simple analysis of the business environment so Tesco involves three aspectsAnalysing Internal capabilities and resources(core competencies)Analysing external environment by PEST AnalysisAnalysing the war-ridden environment by porters five forcesCore CompetenciesCore competences relate to those resources and capabilities if the firm which alter toAttain a competitive edge in the marketAccording to Johnson and Scholes core competencies create and sustain the ability to meet the critical success factors of particular customer groups better than other providers in ways that are difficult to go after.Tesco identif ies core competencies by three factorsCreation of new products and services which provides potential accession to a wide variety of markets.Skill which makes a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product.competitive uncomparable skills which are difficult for competitors to imitatePEST ANALYSISThe external environment of an organisation is decomposed by PEST analysis. It helps to identify the key changes that are taking place around the organisation and which influence it in the future.A PEST Analysis looks atPolitical FactorsEconomic factorsSocial factorsTechnological factorsThe following is the PEST Analysis for TescoPolitical FactorsRisks of potential challenger commission interrogationGM- FoodEU arguing rightEconomic FactorsIntensive price competition in the midst of the large supermarkets terms of products keep falling because of strengthening buying powerSocio cultural factorsOrganic foods and drinkCustomer concerns about GM food, al lergies and additivesAnimal welfare policiesEnvironmental policies and practicesTechnological FactorsRadio absolute frequency identity technology in operation of its come forth chainRadio barcode technology for tagging cases.Self service check-out system.PORTERS FIVE FORCESPorters five forces are used to analyse the external environment of an organisation and to determine the attractiveness of the market. The five forces areThe bargaining power of customersThe bargaining power of suppliersThe threat of new entrantsThe threat of reservation productsThe intensity of competitive rivalryBargaining power of customersThe buying power of customers may influence Tesco to force prices down.This may lead to competition where the other rivals may also bring down the prices.Tesco should maintain the customer loyalty to stop them from drifting to others.Bargaining power of suppliersDemand of suppliers to pay high prices for their goods. Recently, the agitation by the dairy farmers to get hig h price for milk is an example.But market giants like Tesco has an overwhelming advantage over their suppliers where they dictate the price they pay their suppliers. panic of new entrantsSupermarket chains like Tesco manage the threat of new entrants by imposing barriers to entry.This is achieved by paying high price to suppliers and buying large volumes of goods. This makes Tesco to render goods at cheaper prices to its customers where it corners the new entrants.Tesco also has the advantage of economies of scale.Threat of substitute productsTesco faces the threat of cutting down the prices of groceries and goods by other giants like Asda and Sainsbury. This may lead to profound of prices where the buyer gets an advantage.Intensity of competitive rivalryRetail industry is the one where the profit margins are low and the competition is high.According to classical economics, rivalry between companies should drive profits to zero. each(prenominal) the above mentioned factors impact the intensity of competition for Tesco.Asda, Sainsburys, Morrisons and others with their expansion plans and strategies are making the competition tough. Their disciplined approach towards prices setting is preventing the decease in profit war.Environmental evaluation of TescoThe environmental audit is reliant on the monitoring activity undertaken by the organisation. It includes grocery store intelligenceLargest supermarket chain with a market capitalisation of 26.037bnNew strategies for mergers and expansion plans to USEffective and low pricesContinuous monitoring and direct information on the sales figures in stores cost- efficacious maintenance of customer loyalty.Technical intelligenceRFID technology for supply chain managementEPOs and Bar-coding technologyExtension of RFID technology for tagging the cases through out the supply chain by 2007.Effective implementation of one in front policy at the tills to satisfy the customers.Acquisition intelligenceDecision of receding from the ask for to takeover Safeway.Expansion plans for USOther issuesConvenience stores according to the needs of the peopleDecisions regarding the environmental issuesCrafting a strategyBy considering the above factors Tesco clearly crafted a strategy that keeps it in the leading position in all the aspectsThe selected strategy of Tesco isTo provide all the customers with excellent value and choice in UK business which is its biggest market and where Tesco enjoys top slot.Having a six element approach to be an international retailer while focusing on satisfaction of needs of the different local customers.KEY FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGYThe key factors for an organisation are those which exist within an environment and may generate a need for change. These are triggers for change in the organisation. The following is a brief description of the key factors which may lead to strategic change inTesco.EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSMacro environmental analysis increases awareness of th e relevant environmental changes at managerial level. This enhances strategic planning.Macro environmental analysis further focuses attention on the primary influences of strategic change and provides anticipation to opportunities and carefully develops responses to change.The following are the external environmental factors which pose challenges to TescoHigh energy costsHigh recovery costs amend position of competitorsRisks of the potential competition commission enquiryGrowing cautiousness among consumersSTAKEHOLDERSStakeholders can be defined as As those individual actors and parties, organisations and professions and institutions that have a bearing on the behaviour of the organisation as revealed in its policies and actions on the environment.Stakeholders can be divided into two categoriesThose view the organisation externallyThose have an knowledgeable interestExternal stakeholders for Tesco are competitiors, customers, suppliers, shareholders government departments etc.They judge the efficiency and try to influence its activities. So Tesco always determines the outputs required by the stakeholders.Internal stakeholders for Tesco are the owners, managers and employees. In large companies like Tesco there are thousands of shareholders who have a vested interest in the success of the business.MEDIAMedia plays a very important role in an organisations strategy. It works in two waysInterest in the success of the organisation and its concomitant positive feedbackInterest in the proposed developmentsTesco notifies well that the influence of effective public relations on the opinions of a wide range of groups will enhance the likelihood of success for its strategy. So it always maintains good relations with the media. Tescos media sum total contain the latest news releases, images and briefing notes. Their latest TV ad campaign can also be viewed from their video library. The media people can also access to their media centre for easy access to the latest d evelopments.LEGALOrganisations need to anticipate and prepare themselves for changes in legal procedures. The potential competition commission enquiry and other regulations are important legal factors which can influence retail sector now.Tesco has all the legal resources which enables it to respond to such changes well in put on and as a part of its developing strategy.ETHICALThese are the moral principles that should govern human relations and conduct. These are very important friendships in formulating strategy which involve subjective personal feelings about human behaviour. Tesco identifies as one of the key factors in its strategy and accepts this with enthusiasm and commitment.EDUCATIONALIn the present business scenario, the capacity to transmit knowledge through devices as the internet has become formidable. The most important and interesting aspect of the improvement in education and subsequent growth of knowledge has been the increasing professionalism of workforces in a n organisation. Tesco understand this well and implements it in the improvement of skills of its human resources. It conducts learn programmes a least two quantify a year.POLITICALPolitical factors generally effect the organisation in two ways. One driven by the government pr by the multinational political initiatives and another concerned with the political shifts within the particular business environment.INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSThe following are the factors that are instrumental to the internal environment of Tesco.Organisational policyThe mission statement of an organisation sets out the purpose of a business The mission statement of an organisation is refined over the time to reflect the substantial or enhanced capabilities of the business .The following are the purpose statements for Tesco which gives a clear picture of its policyScope of an organisations activities is a fundamental element of strategy. Tescos scope relates to the extent of the market into which it se lls its products and services. It is already the largest retailer in UK and is planning to expand to US .It has already wide markets in Europe and Asia.A key consideration for a firm is to identify what areas of activity to pursue in its markets. Tesco targets customers of all ages with its products and services ranging from food, household products and retail to insurance and personal finance.An important aspect of strategy is for a company to identify the positions held by their products and services in the market place. Tesco has already built a very strong businesses over the time with very strong market positions. Each and every one of them has huge potential for further growth.Human resourcesTesco is the largest private sector employer in UK. Tesco is the largest private sector employer in UK. It employs 250,000 staff alone in the UK and 367,000 staff worldwide.It has 2365 stores all over the world. Tesco employs about 11,000 employees every year.It recruits about 80 to 150 gr aduates each year to two training schemes one store and one office based. It recruits by in-store advertising, events in local areas. and recommendationsFrom existing employees through an employee referral scheme. These employees are the need for effective communication in the subject area of management.Financial resourcesAs per the statistics of 2006 Tesco is the quadth largest retailer in the world. Its market capitalisation was 26.035 billion which was the largest of any retailer based outside the united states. Tesco also has got frightening property portfolio. It does its own development and owns about 85 of all its assets around the world. And always Tesco invests a lot in its property. According to company authorities over the next five years its property value will be 5 billion and still be a predominantly freehold property company.All these factors are described as the key factors for TescoDEVELOPMENT AND evaluation OF STRATEGIC OPTIONSStrategy whether developed for a w hole organisation or for an operating department or a team follows the same building process .Its central concern is to create a long-term vision of where we want to be or what we would like to become .Strategy that an organisation adopts should be feasible and practicable. Its pulling power is extremely important to survive in the tough competitive environment where an organisation operates .The art of strategic development involves a set of sophisticated tools to facilitate the process.The following is a brief context of different strategic options for TESCO and their evaluation.PEST ANALYSISTo develop a strategy for an organisation to assure its long-term effectiveness it should carry an analysis about its future. For this PEST Analysis is the best tool. It carries analysis of four or six major factors which can effect the organisation in future .TESCO which is the largest player in retail sector carries PEST Analysis to analyse the external factors which may affect in the future .The following is the PEST Analysis for TESCOPolitical and legal considerationsRisks of potential commission enquiryTESCO may face the risk of the potential commission enquiry in future which aims to curb the unhealthy competition in the retail sector.GM-FoodWith increasing awareness in the consumers all over the world TESCO may face the risk with Green peace workers regarding the labelling of genetically modified foods. .EU Competition LawEU Competition Law constituted to regulate monopoly power may impact TESCO and its expansion in the European Union in the near future.Economic considerationsIntensive price competition between the large supermarketsCost of products keep falling because of strengthening buying powerSocial FactorsOrganic foods and drinkConsumers growing concerns about the organic food and drinks may influence in near futureCustomer concerns about GM food, allergies and additivesWith growing cautiousness and discontent about the GM food and use of allergic causing a gents and additives in the manufacture of food may show impactAnimal welfare policiesAnimal welfare policies which oppose the testing of the products on animalsEnvironmental policies and practicesGreen peace workers and changing concerns about environmental issues.Technological FactorsRadio Frequency identity technology in operation of its supply chainUse of RFID technology in its supply chain helps TESCO to efficiently carry its operations and maintain its position.Radio barcode Technology for tagging cases.Use of Radio barcode Technology to tag the cases and extending this technique to the entire chain by the end of 2007 will show an impact on operations in TESCO.Self-service checkout system grind AnalysisIT is a commonly used tool .Its main purpose is to locate the organisation in its operating environment and try to assess its internal and external capabilities and vulnerabilities. SWOT stand for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths are internal and opport unities are environmental. Similarly weaknesses are internal and threats are environmental. The following is the SWOT analysis for TESCOStrengthsThese are the strengths of TESCOTESCO s Brand nameLoyal customersLargest player in the retail sectorWell established supply chainExcellent ware housing efficiencyLargest online grocerGreat store locationsSkilled work forceClub card scheme for enhancing customer loyalty.WeaknessesThese are the weaknesses of TESCOVast usage of fossil fuel in transport chain and super market heating systemsLack of integration between departments at certain timesOpportunitiesThese are the opportunities where TESCO can explore in futureImproving customer relationshipsReal growth opportunity for grocery retailing in the newly enlarged European Union.Increasing sales through better integration of high street and internet resourcesThreatsThese are the threats that might affect TESCO in the future.High energy costsIncreasing taxes on retail itemsExpansion of low co st supermarkets like LIDL.Recovering competitions like Sainsburys and Morrisons.A weakening economyAn increase in unemploymentPORTERS GENERIC STRATEGIESAfter establishing the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation and analysing the competitive environment, we have to establish the generic strategy of the organisation.No set of the strategic tools will be complete without a look at Michael porters generic strategies. Porter advocates, Gaining and maintaining competitive advantageThe three generic strategies of Porter areDifferentiationThis is a strategy where the organisation offers a product or service which is unique compared with those of its competitors .This differentiation must be known to at least a segment of the market.Cost LeadershipThis is a strategy where the organisation enables itself to provide the products or services at a cost less than any other competitive organisation. It is the ability the organisation has to price below competitors if and when it needs so. FocusThis is a strategy where the organisation targets its products or services at a given sector of the market with great accuracy and with a depth of capability and knowledge to support its position in the sector.In the retail sector with a very low profit margin the environment is hypercompetitive .TESCO being the largest player adopts the Cost Leadership strategy to challenge its competitors. TESCO has all the capabilities to adapt to this strategy. It develops its internal resources and its core competencies to support this strategy.In addition to these a number of generic strategies have emerged to define the modern organisation .The following is a list of the strategies.Reducing cost baseImproving qualityGetting closer to the customerShorter cycle timesStrategic partnershipsAbility to change fastOf the above mentioned generic strategies, TESCO adopts the followingReducing cost baseTo cut down the expenses and to increase productivity and efficiency, TESCO adopts this strategy to face the challenges of price war with its competitors, high property costs a and to provide value based products to the customers.Improving qualityTESCO always concentrates on improve quality to rule the existing markets. It adopts new techniques and softwares both in the logistics and in-store operations to consistently serve the customers.Getting closer to the customerCustomers are whimsical, customers are fickle, customers are not loyal. The ability to anticipate this fickleness is a strategic strength.TESCO understands this well and introduced club card schemes which helps TESCO to have millions of loyal customers.THE ANSOFF MATRIXThis is a classic clay sculpture in strategy building .Its main purpose is to analyse the organisations approaches to its products and to its market to ensure that an appropriate marketing strategy is being pursued .The following is the An off matrix for TESCOCurrent products New productsCurrentmarketsMarket penetrationImproving servicesImprovin g qualityProduct developmentExpand own brands like The Finest and TESCO Value.Expansion into non-food sectorAdding new products to the existing product lineNewmarketsMarket developmentInternational expansion and globalisationHome shopping create small express storesDiversificationNew servicesUsing the Ansoff matrix in conjunction with the BCG matrix, TESCO conducts a useful review of its strategy to achieve its vision.EVALUATIONThe BCG matrixThe Boston Consulting Group matrix is a valuable tool .Its purpose is to analyse the organisations product portfolio. The definitions used in the BCG matrix are very precisely expressed in terms of the generation and use of cash. This makes this matrix a sharp-edged tool. the following are the definitions used in BCG matrixStarsThese are the products that are do well .They are generating positive cash and they usually require continuous update to maintain their market share.ProblemsThese are the products which are not performing and not generat ing sufficient cash to maintain them in their markets.Cash cowsThese are the products which are performing well in markets which are growing tardily or are static. They are probably generating more money that can be profitably invested in them.DogsThey have low market share in markets which are growing slowly or are static. They may be consuming more resources to maintain their availability. They need quick decisions.The following is the BCG matrix for TescoMarket shareHigh lowStarOn-line shoppingOrganic foodsLoyalty cardsNon-grocery itemsNew servicesProblemsOn-line shopping with demographic analysisHome delivery of productsCash cowsCash cowsBranded produ

Influences on Peer Groups and Friendships

Influences on Peer chemical concourses and FriendshipsPeer throngs, societal competence and companionship. Indicate the relevance or not of the following Theory, Cultural differences, Age differences, Gender differences and methodological issues.IntroductionIt has been established that humans are social creatures. It has also been established that humans have an inclination to form social groupings for a myriad of mental reasons, such as friendship, acceptance, comfort, togetherness and so forth. However, the ways in which these grouping takes place are rather more complex than one might expect.An examination of group development paying particular regard to the set up of time, culture, tripuality and theoretical bias on the concepts of peer groups, social competence and friendship was embarked upon. An evaluation was conducted of whatsoever key research that has attempted to examine and explain much of the core concepts and issues involved in social grouping and developmen t.Group Alignment, Group Development and Group DynamicsLevine et al (1998) indicated that groups were more likely to accommodate new members if there was an established relationship between newcomers and already established members. This was believed to be due to the fatality to establish socialisation of new members through mentors. The relationship of newcomer to mentor was heavily dependant upon age difference (Levine et al, 1998).Research on socialisation effects conducted by Irons and Moore (1985) revealed that the significance of a mentor in including subjects that were formerly excluded. They suggested that these formerly excluded subjects were people such as women and people of alternate colour (Irons Moore, 1985). It should be noted that the theoretics used by Irons and Moore are based upon patriarchy and racial prejudice.Tuckman (1965) devised five stage theories in group development theory and afterwards with his colleague Tuckman and Jenson (1977) extended this concep t further.Forming Potential members align themselves to a group.Storming Members try to influence the group. This creates conflict within the group.Norming Members try to reconcile conflicts. Norms and qualitys are established.Performing Members make tasks in accordance to group need.Adjourning Members become distanced from the group and group activities due to the perception that group costs outweigh group benefits. well-disposed FacilitationZajonc (1965) suggested troika important factors in the significance of social groups.The presence of others generates arousal in the subject and stimulates behaviour.Arousal increases the tendency to perform a desired response from the subject.The quality and achievement of this response is dependant upon the type of task.Zajonc concluded that a dominant response was perceived as being required from the subject within a group. This impact the performance of easy tasks in a positive manner and difficult tasks in a negative manner.Mer e Exposure Theory, Evaluation Theory and mismanagement/Conflict TheoryThe idea of mere presence is integral to Zajoncs findings on social facilitation. That is to say that effects of others as stimuli are dictated to by presence alone. However, others have suggested otherwise.Cottrell (1968), Henchey and Glass (1968), put forward evaluation theory which suggested that the advantage of social facilitation is dependant upon those who are perceived to be able to pronounce performance. For instance, those in a subjects peer group with certain perceived traits, such as competence, would have either positive or negative effects on the subjects performance.Put forward by Baron (1986) and Sanders (1981) distraction/conflict theory suggests that the presence of distractive stimuli give effect social facilitation. For instance, the subject will produce social facilitation effects when others, such as friends, create distraction or attentional conflict.Group Roles, Norms and CohesionForsyt h (1990) Levine and Moreland (1990) suggest that there are three major contributors to the dimension of social groups Social roles, social norms and group cohesion.Roles a set of expected behaviours that are evaluated by a subjects established group role (established by either formal title or informal appreciation).Norms a set of established rules of conduct defined by the group dynamic.Cohesion the forces that propel a group closer together in terms of purpose, attitude and goal (Cartwright Zander, 1960).Using a methodology supporting the idea of biologically determine group roles and norms Bales (1958) suggested that group roles and norms were based upon the traditional family dynamic i.e. the elite male role of the breadwinner and the submissive female role of caretaker.Examination of his methodological approach revealed that gender difference was not a predefining factor. Wood and Kartens (1986) experiments into role performance of cross sex groups, was revaluated by Dovid io et al (1988). It was found amongst men and women who felt evenly as competent, that the roles adopted were often similar (Dovidio et al, 1988).The Effects of Group Cohesiveness and FriendshipFollowing on from Cartwright and Zander (1960), Carron et al (1985) suggested that group cohesiveness was comprised of two authoritative factors a groups orientation towards a goal and a groups orientation towards its social relationships.It was observed by Carron (1985) that goal orbit was a much more important part to success than social relationships. He determined that the successful completion of goals would increase self esteem and ruling in the roles and norms of a group, whereas social relationships, such as friendship, would be more likely to distract the group from its collective goals.Carron (1982) defined a cohesive group as having a collective identity, a sense of shared purpose and structured patterns of communication (Carron, 1982). These were considered essential elements to the effectiveness of a groups success and to its cohesion.Collective identity the identity of a group seen in terms of its roles and norms.Sense of shared purpose an understanding of the importance of roles and the goals that they achieve organise patterns of communication group acknowledgement, understanding, appreciation and communication of each roles needs and requirements.ConclusionThe need for social groups drives the subject to undergo many developments in terms of social facilitation. It would seem from our examination that these factors are dictated through a variety of factors.From the research we can see that group alignment is dependant upon relationships based upon age difference. It would also show up that group development requires challenges and subsequent reconciliations from certain subjects. It also appears that group dynamics are not necessarily serene of culturally or racially defined roles. Rather, it would appear that roles are intrinsic to socially d efined goals and needs.The subject within the group would appear to be driven by other members in a way that is not quite as simple as, say, group conformity or peer competitiveness. It would also appear that group success is dependant upon the successful achievement of role defined goals. Furthermore, these role defined goals seem to be effected negatively by insinuate individual relationships, such as friendship.In essence, theory, age, gender, culture and methodology are relevant to the way in which we understand peer groups, social competence and friendship and have psychological impact upon the development of social groupings and the very concept of ourselves as social creatures.BibliographyBales, R, F., (1958) Task roles and social roles in problem-solving groups. In E. E. Maccoby, T.M. Newcomb, E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in Social Psychology (3rd Ed., p. 437-447). New York Holt.Baron, R, S., (1986) Distraction-conflict theory Progress and problems. In L, Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology. Orlando Academic Press.Carron, A.V., Widmeyer, W.N., Brawley, L.R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7.Carron, A.V. (1982). Cohesiveness in sport groups Interpretations and considerations. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4.Cartwright, D., Zander, A., (1960) Group Dynamics Research and Theory. (2nd ed. p. 69-94) Evanston Row Peterson.Cottrell, N, B., (1968) Performance in the presence of other human beings Mere presence, audience, and affiliation effects. In E, C., Simmel, R, A, Hoppe, G, A, Milton (Eds.) Social Facilitation and Intimate Behaviour (p. 91-110). Boston Allyn Bacon.Davidio, J, F, Ellyson, S, L., Keating, C, F., Heltmen, K., Brown, C, E., (1988) The relationship of social power to visual displays of controller between men and women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 233-242.Forsyth, D, R., (1990) Group Dynamics (2nd ed.) Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole.Henchy, T., Glass, D, C., (1968) Evaluation apprehension and the social facilitation of dominant and curb responses. Journal of personality and social psychology, 10, 446-454.Irons, E, D., Moore, G, W., (1985) Black Managers The Case of the Banking Industry. New York Praeger.Levine, J, M., Moreland, R, L., (1990) Progress in small groups research. Annual Review of Social Psychology, 41, 585-634.Levine, J, M., Moreland, R, L., Ryan, C, S., (1998) Group Socialisation and Intergroup Realtions. In C,Sedikides, J, Schopler, C, A, Inscko (Eds.) Intergroup Cognition and Intergroup Behaviour. Mahaw, NJ Erlbaum.Sanders, G, S., (1981) Driven by distraction An integrative review of social facilitation theory and research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 17, 227-251.Tuckman, B, W., (1965) Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399.Tuckman, B, W., Jenson, M, A., (1977) Stages of small group developmen t revisited. Group and Organisation Studies, 2, 419-427.Wood, W., Karten, S, J., (1986) Sex Differences in interaction style as product of perceived sex differences in competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 341-347.Zajonc, R, B., (1965) Social Facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.

intro to philosophy :: essays research papers

founding to Philosophy Paper 2 Question 1The profits also known as the information superhighway of the orb, is increasingly becoming the well-nigh prevalent form in which to gather and distri ande information. This issue brings up a number of clean-living dilemmas concerning the lack of security review and editorial monitoring in this immense communication system. Some of the questions that have arisen are whether or not independence of speech should be controlled, to an extent, and if so where would those barriers be drawn. Also, should the truth behind cyberspace publications be monitored, access to inappropriate material be denied to certain individuals, and should laws be passed to prevent the exploitation of unknowing bystanders. These issues are not only controversial but also extremely complicated to pursue through legal terms and justifications.The First Amendment of the Constitution grants everyone in the United States the freedom of speech and press, thus the I nternet phenomenon is protected regardless of the perverse nature which it is capable of presenting. Ultimately, it is possible for anyone to express his or her own beliefs, whether considered true or not, through the Internet. This in turn leads legion(predicate) unsuspecting youths and even some adults to believe the lies they read just because it is out thither. John Stuart Mills work, On liberty explains Mills feel of freedom and his justifications behind his concepts. This work was originally published in 1859 but due to its advanced theories it is possible to apply these conceptions to the moral dilemmas the Internet possess. Mills philosophies are considered utilitarianistic, this means that the value something possesses is determined by its utility, also actions should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the largest group of people. With this in mind we can come on understand Mills theories on liberty, freedom and whether they should be controlled. Mi lls explains that freedom of speech and expression are essential to the mental well being of mankind. To refuse a person the right to express their opinion because it is contrary to popular belief would be a great wrong. This is because without these different opinions there would be no need to justify those beliefs held widely. Lack of practice in explaining the attributes of certain beliefs will make them forgotten and these truths would ache meaning. Mills clarifies a misconception about truths with the following statement truth always triumphs over persecution, is oneintro to philosophy essays research papers Intro to Philosophy Paper 2 Question 1The Internet also known as the information superhighway of the world, is increasingly becoming the most prevalent form in which to gather and distribute information. This issue brings up a number of moral dilemmas concerning the lack of censorship and editorial monitoring in this immense communication system. Some of the questions that have arisen are whether or not freedom of speech should be controlled, to an extent, and if so where would those barriers be drawn. Also, should the truth behind Internet publications be monitored, access to inappropriate material be denied to certain individuals, and should laws be passed to prevent the exploitation of unknowing bystanders. These issues are not only controversial but also extremely complicated to pursue through legal terms and justifications.The First Amendment of the Constitution grants everyone in the United States the freedom of speech and press, thus the Internet phenomenon is protected regardless of the perverse nature which it is capable of presenting. Ultimately, it is possible for anyone to express his or her own beliefs, whether considered true or not, through the Internet. This in turn leads many unsuspecting youths and even some adults to believe the lies they read just because it is out there. John Stuart Mills work, On Liberty explains Mills notio n of freedom and his justifications behind his concepts. This work was originally published in 1859 but due to its advanced theories it is possible to apply these conceptions to the moral dilemmas the Internet possess. Mills philosophies are considered utilitarianistic, this means that the value something possesses is determined by its utility, also actions should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the largest group of people. With this in mind we can further understand Mills theories on liberty, freedom and whether they should be controlled. Mills explains that freedom of speech and expression are essential to the mental well being of mankind. To refuse a person the right to express their opinion because it is contrary to popular belief would be a great wrong. This is because without these different opinions there would be no need to justify those beliefs held widely. Lack of practice in explaining the attributes of certain beliefs will make them forgotten and these truths would lose meaning. Mills clarifies a misconception about truths with the following statement truth always triumphs over persecution, is one

Alienation and Fragmentation in Modernist Literature Essay example --

With Sasha Jansen, Jean Rhys created in Good Morning, Midnight a female character who does not have a place in the world. Sasha walks the streets of Paris, commenting, reflecting, remembering. Her few coping-mechanisms show how deeply she is already alienated from the world, even from herself. As a reader you get this provide bit by bit, in fragments, jumping between the actual narration, memories and inner monologues.As a woman in Paris in the late thirty-something Sasha Jansen is far ahead of her time. In her adjudge about Jean Rhys, Elaine Savory says about Sasha She lives in the 1930s, when women were supposed to gain social standing through man and wife to a man (preferably of means), or, if they remained single, to hold onto respectability even in hard times. (p68) Sasha is on her cause, her former husband left her at some point in the past, she lives in rented rooms, has very little money and is definitely having a hard time as she is very aware of and does not feel well with her own ageing. Instead of holding on to respectability she drinks. Sometimes she cries in public. She takes men back to her hotel room and has random sex. Her drinking habits seem to be old, it seems that she has been drinking for a long time, regularly. swallow is one of her main coping mechanisms. Every time she finds herself in an emotionally challenging situation, she longs for a strong drink to soothe herself, to feel less of the paroxysm that is her life. After she started crying in the house of an artist-friend she says I have an irresistible longing for a long, strong drink to make me forget that once again I have given damnable human beings the right to pity me and laugh at me. (p. 78)While she lived in London, she tried to drink herself to death an... ...ally it wouldnt be as well bad to be happy, to be in a better place within herself or just in a lighter, nicer room. But the end of the book is so shockingly bleak that it takes away all hope. She agrees to the on e man on her floor she loathes and fears, she invites him in, into her bed, into her body Then I put my arms around him and earn him down on the bed, saying Yes yes yes (p. 159) She finally reaches this place of indifference where nothing matters, where she does not care if she lives or dies, as the stranger in the dressing-gown could just soft kill her. Works CitedRhys, Jean. 2000. Good Morning, Midnight. London Penguin BooksSavory, Elaine. 2009. The Cambridge Introduction to Jean Rhys. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.A. L. Kennedy. 2000. Introduction. In Rhys, Jean. 2000. Good Morning, Midnight. London Penguin Books