Communication Today

M whatever peck have started pickings short cuts in our modern world. The human population is doing everything they can to speed through life. One such short cut is the musical mode society communicates. Though out the last several decades the technology that has affiliated all walks of life has dramatically changed, it went from word of mouth to the written word, to telephones and beyond. Now texting and wall postings are forms of communicating with friends and family all over the world. Many believe that these kinds of networks are destroying our communications as a society. However, these networks allow people to stay in constant connection with many people at once, they are convenient, and safe to use. kind networking sites like Facebook, Myspace and many others connect people to all their friends and extended family members all at once in a number of ways. One such way is by statuses update which is when people say what is on their minds or what they might be doing that da y. Another is posting pictures of just about anything so that family members who otherwise wouldnt see them until a get together if at all could see them. People who are no longer near their loved ones benefit the most from these status updates. This constantly updated form of communication is close to as good as world with the loved one.With people all over the world victimisation networking sites they have become more excusable, from being available at local public libraries to the convenience of being at the ready on a personal cell phone or other tump over held devices free of charge. The convenience this has added allows people to not only update their statues at any time, but too post pictures of what is going on in their daily lives on the spot no matter where they are from their wireless devices. This enables all the friends and family connected to that persons page to know what is going on in someones life who they may not get a chance to talk to on a daily bases.Fac ebook as surface as many other sites are very safe to use (if the proper measures are taken) that everyone has started qualification pages, from kids in middle school all the way up to those kids grandparents. Such sites allows the user to set it up their page anyway they want. They give many choices on who is allowed to view that particular page. The options consist of blocking the page from everyone who is not on the users friends list and not being able to be prime in a search, to having a completely open page where anyone can see all that the big money as to offer. Most of these sights also have restrictions to where would be users are blocked from using the sites at all, or with other such precautionsEveryday people are becoming afraid that our communication between friends and families are breaking down a little more every second. This is simply not true in fact it is the opposite because of how rapidly technology is changing it allowing us to communicate at any abandoned moment with all our friends and family. With statues updates and wall postings at our finger tips we are more connected at any given moment now than ever before. Sites like Myspace, Facebook, and many other are the main way that people in todays society communicate do to the face that as a group we are speeding through life at warp speed.

Women in “Merchant of Venice” Essay

In Shakespe bes The Merchant of Venice, on that point argon patchy contr oversies over faith and fri final stageship, exactly the idea of the shrink from that interested me the most was the role of wowork force. The devil wo hands that are in this play take on the role of the saviors of the men who stick outm helpless and hopeless compared to them. Influences of the Radical Feminist prospect in The Merchant of Venice Angela Caravella 2006The role that women play within some(prenominal) Shakespearian plays often highlights their pers of all timeance, strength, and intelligence. This perhaps signalizes the dramatists understanding that women should be on satisfactory ground with men. However, the conclusion of his works lead to the powerful, sovereign adult fe priapic forwardnesstling back into ships company with her husband. Within the play The Merchant of Venice, the female characters carry out awful deeds to clean up the messes that their husbands had made and ach ieve their aver goals, provided to re warp to their subordinate positions as wives. Portia, Nerissa and Jessicas assumption of the male ready to move un noniced between Belmont and Venice allowed them a glimpse into the earthly concern of womens liberationistic ideals. In later scenes, when Portia and Nerissa push the boundaries of their disguise, they specifically emphasize the nature of radix feminism. The alte echo of Portia, Nerissa, and Jessicas sexual activity to suit the society of Venice is a direct spat in the face of the patriarchate within the purlieu of The Merchant of Venice.Unfortunately, the overarching ideals of the world at this time are able-bodied to recapture their stranglehold on Jessica, Portia, and Nerissa. The draw of feminism is based upon the womans shin in society for loving, political, and economic equality with men. womens liberation movement explores to eliminate the nonion of sexism, which is the degradation, oppression, and subordination of women (http//www.feministissues.com/radical_feminism.html). Feminism possesses many subcategories that focus on specific areas within the arena of womens inequality tin conjunction to men. One sub category, radical feminism, concerns itself with the idea that society is influenced by a male dominated or patriarchal hierarchy. Under this school of kibibyteght, the patriarchy can be described as the division of rights, privileges and power primarily by gender, as a result of oppressing women and privileging men.A radical feminist essentially believes that they are oppressed on the single ideal that the gender of a woman is inferior and it can be portion outed that to alter ones gender would be a radical feminist activity. The method in which the patriarchy is exercised upon women exists in carnal and psychological exploits through the physical action of deeds invariably leads to the psychological acceptance of the females role as subordinate. Women moldiness obligate to seve ral physical standards that obey the guidelines that determine the feminine form. They moldiness be of the desirable consistence type, with small and graceful movements con fined within an invisible enclosed space that is modestly dressed and eyeball cast downward (Bartky, 67-69). Conversely, men with regards to space, take up as much of an area as doable that he influences unlike a woman who tends to be a victim of her environment. A woman who does not conform to such stringent standards is often termed by society as a loose woman or bad influence. This type of woman has already been accounted for under the patriarchal system. She is of less stature than women who adhere to the proper code of conduct and society has marker her for disgrace Her looseness is manifest not lone(prenominal) in her morals, but in her manner of speech, and literally in the free and easy steering she moves (68). meat contact is another physical action in which the proper woman makes little of so as to not challenge the man to whom she converses with.The loose woman again is identifyn as a threat to social norms because she looks at whatever and whomever she solicits her attention (68). When an action has been performed by the woman to displease a man a great deal of suffering ensues. The man himself may deny intimacy if he is unsatisfied with a females performance but the woman too punishes herself for having defiled the expectations placed on her by the patriarchy. The depth of these womens shame is a measure of the extent to which all women have internalized patriarchal standards of incarnate accept top executive (77). Since women have made patriarchal values part of their inner psychological being, it is difficult to not feel the ramifications of feministic practices within ones self. Within the play, The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare, the three female characters Jessica, Portia and Nerissas experience with differing levels of the influence of the patriarchy u pon their radical feminist actions taken throughout the play. The radical feminist positioninghas a focus on gender inequality, so to defy traditional societal norms of gender for example, cross-dressing energy be a physical action that a woman could perform as a method of control, empowerment and activism to promote this ideal. The female characters Jessica, Nerissa and Portia all engage in cross-dressing however, each woman uses this activity to achieve different aims as well as possess varying opinions regarding its use.Within exercise II scene 6 of the play, Jessica assumes the form of a man so that she may escape from her preceptors delay and elope with Lorenzo. I am glad tis night, you do not look on me, For I am much ashamed of my exchange. But esteem is blind, and enjoyrs cannot see ,The pretty follies that themselves commit For if they could, Cupid himself would blush To see me change to a boy What, must I hold a candle to my shames? They in themselves, good sooth, are too too light. Why, tis an office of disco very, love, And I should be obscured (Shakespeare, 2.6, 36-40,42-44). Jessica is embarrassed by the disguise of a rascal to flee which exemplifies how tight the patriarchal ideals are bound to her personality. She is almost unable to save herself and exercise her own depart when she realizes that she must pretend to be a man. When Portia and Nerissa cross-dress, the opinion is quite different or at least not indicated by Shakespeare. When we are both accounted like vernal men, Ill prove the prettier beau of the two, And wear my dagger with the braver grace, And speak between the change of man and boy With reed voice and turn two mincing steps ,Into a manly stride and speak of frays Like a fine bragging youth and tell quaint lies, How honourable ladies sought my love, Which I denying, they fell sick and died-(3.4,63-71).These characters neatly solve a knotty legal problem for Antonio and Bassanio under the guise of male honoryers ( Jardine, 30). In their form they are able to manipulate the course of action within the courtroom as well as outside it by attracting ladies attention and convincing Bassanio and Gratiano to give up Portia and Nerissas rings. By defying their genders to enter into the male-dominated society in Venice they enact the essence of radical feminism. Portia and Nerissa do not hold shame for their actions that could be an holding of their lack of concern for patriarchal values but similarly an interest in saving the animation of Antonio because he has a deep relationship with Bassanio. The most powerful point of Portia and Nerissasactivity as lawyers in Venice is that they are able to move undetected in society and achieve their goals. This activity deconstructs the male hierarchy because they achieve more than what Bassanio, Antonio or Shylock could accomplish within the courtroom. As men these women were undetermined of accomplishing astonishing deeds since they were out of the real m of low expectations placed on women. To further strengthen the radical feminist philosophy, Portia and Nerissa are able to obtain power over the men so as to even out the gender imbalance while not shrouded under the garb worn by men as well. Portias clothes effect no metamorphosis on her spirit, the lawyer was never a gentlewoman, although the lady is always something of a lawyer (Dusinberre, 267-268).While Belmont can be considered more liberal in regards to womens equality there is at lease one decree that remains steadfast, Portias marriage as determined from the casket test. Portias fathers power over his daughter even in demolition is a testament to the control men have in the affairs of women, as though they were property and not human beings. According to her fathers will, Portias husband will be the man who demands the correct casket that contains a picture of Portia. Oh, me, the word, spot I may neither choose who I would nor refuse who I dislike so is the will of a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father (Shakespeare,1.2,22-24). While the casket alternative appears to be a strict stipulation, the cunning Portia deciphers a method in which she can still have an influence upon the man that she marries. Portia accepts the fact that she must get married Bassanio after he selects the lead casket as the fulfillment of her fathers desires. She was able to tip the scales of the decision-making process in her favor so that she could choose her husband by discreetly providing clues to indicate the correct casket. Let music sound while he doth make his choiceLet us all ring fancys knell Ill begin it- Ding, Dong, bell. Ding, Dong, bell (3.2, 43, 69-71). Superficially, the situation relates to the overarching patriarchy and its strength Portia however, acts to work against the oppressive contract she is bound to and chart the course of the selection of her husband (Dusinberre, 85). In addition to the creation of an equilibrium over her dest iny by means of manipulation of her fathers will, both Portia and Nerissa are able to exercise some means of assurance that they will keep their husbands with the ring test.The excogitation of loyalty of the men towards the women embodiedwithin a ring serves as a form of commitment and gives the full right to end at the engagement of marriage should such a souvenir be misplaced. The promise Bassanio and Gratiano make to Portia and Nerissa respectively regarding the rings as strong a contract for the women as a legal bond similar to Shylock and Antonios agreement (Phialas, 145). When Portia and Nerissa call attention to the sacking of the rings to Bassanio and Gratiano, they show signs of distraught and anger so much as to deny them their love. This exercises the feministic perspective because they are able to use as much discretion a man could in the gaining and subsequent dismission of their fiancs. Feministic values are highly prominent in the play The Merchant of Venice, espec ially those including the radical feminist concept of a patriarchal society. The female characters were able to utilize the activity of cross-dressing to carry out the subscriber line they needed so that their lives might be more bearable while under the control of men within society. Not all of the characters felt empowered by their action to become men, a moxie of shame accompanied Jessica during her course as a man. Portia and Nerissa were able to humble their future husbands to provide an equal ground for both couples with the ring test. Portia also even made it possible to guide the husband selection decision to suit her interests.The constant varying tension between the male and female characters in their struggle for dominance over the other indicates that Shakespeare had a deep and profound endureledge of the dynamic between men and women. Portia is the heroine of William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice. A rich, beautiful, and intelligent heiress, she is bound by the lottery set forth in her fathers will, which gives likely suitors the obtain to choose between three caskets composed of gold, silver and lead. If they choose the right casket the casket containing Portias portrait they lure Portias hand in marriage. If they choose the wrong casket, they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage. Portia is glad when two suitors, one driven by greed and another by vanity, fail to choose correctly. She favours Bassanio, a young Venetian noble, but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice. Later in the play, she disguises herself as a man, then assumes the role of a lawyers apprentice (named Balthazar) whereby she saves the purport of Bassanios friend, Antonio, in court. Portia is one of the most prominent and appealing of the heroines in Shakespeares matureromantic comedies. She is beautiful, gracious, rich, intelligent, and quick-witted, with high standards for her potential romantic partners. She obeys her fathers will, while steadfastly seeking to obtain Bassanio. She demonstrates tact to the Princes of Morocco and Aragon, who unsuccessfully seek her hand. In the court scenes, Portia finds a technicality in the bond, thereby outwitting Shylock and saving Antonios life when everyone else fails. Yet, she also shows capacious injustice and cruelty towards the figure of Shylock and those who are sympathetic with Shylock see her as the epitome of blunt, barbaric, Christian primitivism. It is Portia who delivers one of the most famous speeches in The Merchant of Venice The quality of lenity is not straind.It droppeth as the gentle rain from heavenUpon the place beneath. It is twice blestIt halloweth him that gives and him that takes. scorn Portias lack of formal legal training, knowledge ,education,(give lines from text book.)she wins her case by referring to the details of the film language of the law. Her success involves prevailing on technicalities rather than the merits of the situation. She uses the tactics of what is sometimes called a Philadelphia lawyer. However, the concept of empty words and its abuse is also brought to light by Portia highlighting the idea that an unjust argument may win through eloquence, loopholes and technicalities, regardless of the moral question at hand and thus provoking the audience to consider that issue. PortiaFrom the outset time we meet Portia, we see that she is a very smart woman and that she is looking for a man that has more thoughts in his head than those of money and beauty. She and Nerissa talk of the stupidity of all her suitors and it is very catch that she is looking for a respectable man who will love her for who she is and not for her money. This separates her from the men from the beginning. All the comments that she makes somewhat the men put her on a pedestal compared to them. Just by speaking of men this way she shows that she is just smarter than they are. God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. I n truth, I know it is a sin to be a mocker, but he (Act I. Scene ii. 56-58). The scenes in which she meets with thesuitors to choose the caskets and to see if they will marry her, she is clearly in the dominant position. She acts like she is a judge in a court and she has all authority over the suitors as they choose the different caskets and find out their fates. Behold, there stand the caskets, noble prince. If you choose that wherein I am contained, Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemnized. But if you fail, without speech, my lord, you must be gone from hence immediately (II.ix.4-8). She says these lines as a judge would pass down his or her sentence to the defendant found guilty of a crime. She shows herself to be of higher status to the readers and it seems a first to me because I have never read a Shakespeare play in which the women hold dominant roles over the men.Quick-witted, wealthy, and beautiful, Portia embodies the virtues that are typical of Shakespeares heroines it is no surprise that she emerges as the antidote to Shylocks malice. At the beginning of the play, however, we do not see Portias potential for initiative and resourcefulness, as she is a come out prisoner, feeling herself absolutely bound to follow her fathers dying wishes. This opening appearance, however, proves to be a revealing introduction to Portia, who emerges as that rarest of combinationsa free spirit who abides rigidly by rules. Rather than ignoring the stipulations of her fathers will, she watches a stream of suitors pass her by, happy to see these particular suitors go, but sad that she has no choice in the matter. When Bassanio arrives, however, Portia proves herself to be highly resourceful, begging the man she loves to stay a while beforehand picking a chest, and finding loopholes in the wills provision that we never thought possible. Also, in her defeat of Shylock Portia prevails by applying a more rigid standard than Shylock himself, agreeing that his contract very much entitles him to his pound of flesh, but adding that it does not allow for any loss of blood. Anybody can break the rules, but Portias effectiveness comes from her ability to make the law work for her. Portia rejects the stuffiness that rigid adherence to the law might otherwise suggest. In her courtroom appearance, she vigorously applies the law, but still flouts convention by show disguised as a man. After depriving Bassanio of his ring, she stops the prank before it goes to distant, but still takes it far enough to berate Bassanio and Gratiano for their callousness, and she even insinuates that she has been unfaithful Act 3, Scene 2Love 7 Bassanio and Portia are clearly in love with one another they want to marry, but find themselves bound by the arbitrary rule set by her father. Portia doesnt want to say goodbye to Bassanio forever, so he asks him to delay choosing a chest if this is going to be the last time she ever sees Bassanio, she wants it to last as long as p ossible. Bassanio, on the other hand, cant bear delaying his choice any longer. He cant bear to live another moment not knowing if hes going be able to marry Portia and spend the rest of his life with her.Ring The ring Portia gives to Bassanio as a symbol of their love. He swears he will never part with it, and she uses it to test which of his loves is stronger, his love for her, or his love for his friend Antonio. Act 2 Scene 1Persecution 3 The Prince of Morocco knows full well that the color of his peel off would be an issue with anyone in Portias position, but begs her to take other things into consideration. He explains that there are other ways to judge him beyond the colour of his skin, and that in any of those respects, he is more than worthy. Portia says she has real the puzzle of the chests, and beyond that she has no interest in the color of his skin.Persecution 4 After the Prince has failed, Portia exclaims her relief that she wint have to marry a dark-skinned man, and hopes that if any other dark people supply to win her hand, theyll fail just as the Prince had. PortiaLike Antonio, Portia is an example of nobility. She is a fair-haired beauty with an immense power to attract. Her goodness and virtue enhance her beauty. Unlike Antonio, she is not passive, but displays energy and determination. In many ways, hers is the more forceful figure in the play. Her authority and control with which she deals and manipulates the circumstances of the play are exemplary. In Belmont, the terms of her fathers will leave her without any choice in her future husband, and she is saddened that she does not have an appropriate mate. As a dutiful daughter, however, she is compelled to accept her fathers wishes. Despite her dissatisfaction with her circumstances, she has a cheerful and optimistic nature. She is clever with words and wit and enjoys the opportunity of performing, both in Belmont and Venice. She uses her wonderful ability with words and her keen sense o f humor to enliven the scenes in which sheappears. Her treatment of her money reflects Bassanios intuitive feeling that money is to be used only in the sense of helping loved ones.She proves she is unselfish and generous. Her delight and Antonios meet in Bassanio. Her ideal of mercy is unselfish generosity and she shows an understanding of Christian values. As a Christian gentlewoman, she considers it her duty to show Shylock the foolishness of his exact interpretation of the law that has no mercy. She dresses as a young lawyer and goes to court to defend Antonio. Like Shylock has demanded, she strictly interprets the law and disallows the Jew from taking a drop of Antonios blood when he takes his pound of flesh. Since this is impossible, Shylock begs to just be prone money, but Portia is unrelenting. She cites another law that states any alien who tries to take the life of a Venetian is to lose all of his money, which will be split between the state and the person who was to be killed. As a result, Shylock loses all of his wealth. Portia has cleverly tricked Shylock at his own game. Portia is the most multi-dimensional character in the play, alternating between a beautiful woman in the remote setting of Belmont and the authoritative lawyer in Venice, who orchestrates the victory of good over evil. NerissaCharacter AnalysisNerissa is Portias woman in wait (read her sidekick). At the beginning of the play, she acts as a sounding board to Portia. She listens to Portia complain well-nigh her life and the unrighteousness of the casket contest and tells her to suck it up and be glad her father was wise enough to design for his daughters future. This, of course, tells us that Nerissa is a very practical girl. Hmm. This must be why she agrees to marry Graziano if Bassanio can win Portia. Read all about it in our analysis of Graziano. she has patiencesays good things about her fatherAct 2, Scene 9Love 6 Nerissa hopes that the god of love will bless Portia and br ing Bassinio to her, since there is no other man who deserves her, and she cant choose him. She thinks that only the devine intervention of Cupid could possibly bring Bassanio to Portia, and ensure that he chose the correctchest, that only with the help of a god could love overcome blind luck. Nerissa is Portias maid. She acts as a backdrop to the wit displayed by Portia. Her long association with her mistress has elevated her mannerisms and behavior to the point that she now acts as a witty and intelligent person. She, too, follows the examples set by Portia in many ways she marries a gentleman from Venice, she follows Portia to Venice, she assumes the role of a lawyers clerk and she takes her ring from her lover. She is to Portia what Gratiano is to Bassanio. ..x.X.. Love 9 in order to give her husband a chance to prove his love, Portia tests him by demanding his wedding ring. Bassanio at first balks at the idea, having pledged that his wife is more primal to him than anything else. Gratiano convinces him to part with the ring, though, assuring Bassanio that his wife will understand. Act 5, Scene 1Love 10 Portia and Nerissa clear their husbands for giving up their wedding rings, and return them. Bassanio and Gratiano pledge that no matter what happens, they wont ever again make anything more important than their wives. JessicaCHARACTERSJessicaCharacter AnalysisJessica is Shylocks only daughter. She breaks her pappas heart by running off to marry a Christian (Lorenzo) and helps herself to her dads ducats and some treasured family heirlooms. Being Shylocks DaughterBefore we dismiss Jessica as a selfish jerk who steals from and abandons her dad, we should keep in mind that life at Shylocks support is not so great. It becomes even worse when their clown/servant Lancelot leaves I am sorry thou wilt leave my father so, Jessica says to Lancelot. Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, / Didst rob it of some taste of surplusage (2.3.1). Shakespeare gives us a little taste of life at Shylocks in Act 2, Scene 5 when Shylock and Jessica appear onstage together, Shylock barks orders at his daughter (while screaming at his servant). He demands thatJessica stay inside and lock up the doors so the sounds of music dont put in from the streets (2.5.5). OK, we can understand why Jessica wants to get out of Dodge, and shes certainly not the only Shakespearean daughter to elope. But it does seem pretty cold when she trades her dead mothers cobalt ultramarine ring for a monkey after running off with Lorenzo. Her thoughtlessness devastates her father Out upon her super C torturest me, Tubal it was myturquoise I had it of Leah when I was a bachelorI would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. (3.1.14) Jessicas ConversionJessica not only runs away from her fathers house, she also converts to Christianity, and both are portrayed as acts of abandonment. When Lancelot the clown says Jessica is damned to hell because shes the Jews daughter, Jessica declares I shall be saved by my husband. He hath made me a Christian (3.5.3). The idea here is that Jessicas marriage to a Christian man will automatically make her a Christian too. The concept comes from 1 Corinthians 714 in the New Testament The unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband. As literary critic Janet Adelman points out in Blood Relations, marriage appears to occur to Jessica largely as a way to escape being her fathers daughter Alack, what heinous sin is it in meTo be ashamed to be my fathers childBut though I am a daughter to his blood,I am not to his manners. O Lorenzo,If thou keep promise, I shall end this strife,Become a Christian and thy loving wife. (2.3.2)Here it becomes clear that Jessica not only hates her fathers rude manners but also associates Shylocks conduct and behavior with being Jewish, which is why she cant wait to become a Christian.As the daughter of Shylock, she is compelled to abandon him. The difference in their temperaments has made her circumstances intolerable. She is, although a Jew, as different from her father as jet to ivory. She is more at home with Christian ways than with the austerity of her fathers Jewish house. She likes Launcelot because of his capacity to introduce play to an otherwise gloomyhousehold. She shows ingenuity in disguising as a pageboy to effect her elopement. Although guilty of thieving and filial ingratitude in betraying her father, she shows an understanding of the moral sins that she has committed. Her drawbacks are mitigated by her loving and exuberant nature, which is similar to Portias vivacity and wit.

Inventory System: Executive Summary Essay

AbstractThere is increase in popularity and use of the net profit for look into purposes by schools and students. Popular among the web-based information resource is the Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia that uses wiki softwargon for the design and editing of gist on its site. The use of Wikipedia for research has increased over the years. It is the worlds acclaimed sixth most visited website (Most Popular Websites on the Internet, 2012) . This status is not without its make challenges. The main atomic number 53 being that of credibility. An online encyclopedia that allows anyone to edit its entries to several(prenominal), limits its validity. This paper attempts to look at some of the reasons its credibility is in question.Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia. It uses a collaborative softw ar known as wiki to facilitate the creation, development, and editing of entries by contributors who do so without pay. It is available in 285 languages with about 100,000 reg ularly active contributors. Once connected to the web users fundament write and edit articles on the site. Wikipedia has gained much popularity particularly because of its rich information and full accessibility of data. However, owe to its capable-source management style that allows anybody to change limit, there has been a growing concern about Wikipedias credibility as a source of information for academic have.Wikipedia was free-baseed as an offshoot of Nupedia, a now-abandoned regorge to produce a free encyclopedia. Nupedia had an elaborate system of peer review and required highly suffice contributors but the writing of articles was slow. During 2000, Jimmy Wales, founder of Nupedia, and Larry Sanger whom Wales had employed to sound on the project, discussed ways of supplementing Nupedia with a much(prenominal) open, complementary project. Multiple sources suggested that a wiki might allow members of the public to contribute material, and Nupedias first wiki went onl ine on January 10, 2001.There was considerable resistance by Nupedias editors and reviewers to the idea of associating Nupedia with a website in the wiki format, so Sanger coined the stimulate Wikipedia, which is a portmanteau of wiki (a type of collaborative website, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning quick) and encyclopedia. Wikipedia was launched on its own domain, wikipedia.com, on January 15. In May 2001, a wave of non-English Wikipedia was launched. (Wikipedia, 2012).Supporters of Wikipedia believe contents are verified for accuracy, and monitored for accordance and currency. Nevertheless, at the rate contents are created and edited about three million in 2008 and this instant 21 million accuracy cannisternot match the speed Voss (2011) stated Edit history and user contributions are auxiliary clues (to the quality of the site) but very time-consuming to review (p.10). Even the founder of Wikipedia have uttered concern over the existence of such(prenominal) inconsistenc y and inaccuracy of contents. Various experts (including founder Jimmy Wales and Jonathan Zittrain, Oxford University) have show concern over possible (intentional or unintentional) bias (Wikipedia, 2012).Others contend that because Wikipedia is a huge information resource, which allows open inspection and arguments in which changes are debated, it is a useful source for scholastic work (Smooth & Crovitz, 2011). Many others compete that the errors found on Wikipedia are not uncommon to errors found in other encyclopedias. For example, In declination 2005, the scientific journal Nature published the results of a study comparing the accuracy of Wikipedia and the printed Encyclopedia Britannica. The researchers found that the number of factual errors, omissions or take statements in each references work was not so diverse Wikipedia contained 162, and Britannica had 123. This was not generally accepted as the makers of Britannica have since called on Nature to retract the study, which it claims is completely without sexual morality (Woods & Thoeny, 2007, pp. 90-92).A major issue with Wikipedia is that of source au whereforeticity. Since flock are free to create contents from sources at their disposal, some articles may contain unverified and inconsistent information. Sources are not properly cited. Most materials do not meet the criteria of a good source among which are currency of information, impartiality, and evaluating credentials of authors.. This explains why contents are continually edited. Ray and Graeff (2008), historical scholarship is also characterized by possessive individualism. Good overlord practice requires that ideas and words are attributed to specific historians. A historic work without owners and with multiple authors worry Wikipedia, is consequently almost unimaginable in our professional culture.Using Wikipedia saves time owing to its versatility and large information base, some have argued. This is because contributors are more interested in flooding the site with information than painstakingly jab deep to ensure quality of contents. Topics in Wikipedia are sometimes treated superficially with the aim of transferring a general and simple understanding across to users. When such an article is cited in a professional research work, it automatically renders the work incomplete, inaccurate, and misleading. Readers do not need to be scholars to read between the lines on Wikipedia. field of study is not exactly expert knowledge, it is common knowledge. For example, an article on nuclear reactor will not be anything different from what most people know about nuclear reactors and what the authors think common people can understand (Keen, 2008).One of the five pillars, which guide Wikipedias operations is that Wikipedia is free content that anyone can edit, use, modify or distribute. The idea of inviting readers to serve as authors or editors poses a problem. Not all users are thorough in providing accurate infor mation, and they are others who deliberately mutilate particular articles or post misleading statements. Sometimes, information is posted or edited by people who have little or lacking(predicate) knowledge of the subject, and as the adage goes, little knowledge is dangerous. Wikipedia has no way in evaluating the credentials of content authors as it is free for all.Even though these content are edited, one can never be sure how numerous errors have been corrected. According to Voss (2004), as more people read about an article, the more errors are emended some might say. However, one can hardly be sure how many qualified people have read an article and how many errors remain. Edit wars sometimes occur in Wikipedia. Edit wars occur when two contributors (or group of contributors) repeatedly edit each others work based on a particular bias. Using such a content makes the research work the casualty of such wars. In early 2004, Wikipedia set up an Arbitration Committee to settle such d isputes (Woods & Thoeny, 2007).ConclusionWikipedia describes itself as, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. As discussed earlier, the site runs on democratic principles allowing anyone to contribute, create, edit, and distribute contents freely. Free and open access has outlined above, have serious consequences as it exposes texts to vandalism and inconsistency.Wikipedias contents are edited based on individuals perceived opinion or knowledge, unlike other online resources like the Oxford English Dictionary for example, which was developed by a carefully selected team of experienced professionals. By conciliatory traditional concept of authorship, Wikipedia affects associated issues of authority, originality, and value. When a sources authority and accuracy is in question then the credibility is not guaranteed. Frankly, a site like Wikipedia that allows anyone to add, change, or remove information cannot be credible.ReferencesSpatt, B. (2011). composing from sources (8th ed .). Bedford St. Martin Publishing.Ray, A. and Graeff, E. (2008). Reviewing the Author-Function in the Age of WikipediaWoods, D. and Thoeny, P. (2007). Wikis for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley Publishing, Inc.Smoot W.S. and Crovitz D. (2009). Wikipedia Friend, Not Foe, in English Journal 98.3Keen, A. (2008). The Cult of the Amateur How Todays Internet is Killing Our Culture. Bantam Dell Publishing GroupVoss J. (2004). Measuring Wikipediahttp/www.wikipedia.orghttp/www.mostpopularwebsites.net

Compare & Contrast Russian Serfdom Essay

In the dark ages of 1450 to 1750, a devastating time period, Russian slaveholding & Caribbean thralldom became popular. Although Russian serfdom & Caribbean slavery are similar in regard to how they were punished, the laborious employ, & the little rights they received. Theyre unalike in regard to their location, ways in which theyre owned & their payment for work.To start, the three similarities between Russian serfdom & Caribbean slavery are the ways the slaves were punished, the laborious work, & the little rights they received. Both Russian slaves & Caribbean slaves were punished the akin way, corporal punishment. Slaves in both regions were whipped & beaten. Rougher means of punishment was also implemented, such as starvation, sexual abuse, & hanging. Slaves would face up this punishment when acting out, such as trying to flee, or back talking the master or landowner. Sometimes, the slave was punished for small things such as not eating or answering questions warm enough.T he laborious work was similar as well, both types of slaves worked long hours in fields or in factories. Typically 18 hours of work or from sun rise to sun set. Both Caribbean slaves & Russian slaves were unembellished farmers. They planted, grew, & harvested all unalike things, typically cotton & scraping. These slaves had little to no rights. As mentioned above, they were constantly beaten, not respected, & had no freedom whatsoever. They often went days at a time not eating then had to work hard in the fields, but when theyd try to take a break, they would be whipped.Three differences between Russian serfdom & Caribbean slavery are their location, ways in which they were owned, & their payment for work. Russian slaves hailed from Europe, particularly Russia dapple Caribbean slaves hailed from islands between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, particularly the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, & Cuba. While both produced similar products, they were in totally different regions of the world. They ways in which Russian & Caribbean slaves were different in the sense that Russian slavery was like Russian serfdom.Russian serfdom is based on land, & whoever bought the plot was the slaves master while Caribbean slavery was being owned by a master, who chooses & buys theslave. Anformer(a) difference in Russian slavery & Caribbean slavery is the payment the slaves were awarded with for their work. Russian slaves were allow the protection from invaders, due to the master owning the land. Typically master were either rich, purplish or both, granting them the ability to have people guard their land. While Caribbean slaves were rewarded pretty much nothing other than being able to have one third of whatever crop they grew & harvested. They were not paid nor granted protection.Based on analysis, Russian & Caribbean slavery are similar & different due to what indispensable to be produced. Their differences are due to the way they were owned & amount of protection. Carib bean slaves produced sugar as did Russian slaves, but Caribbean sugar seemed to be more popular & was often exported because of the region of the Caribbean. Rich fertile soil & good outgrowth conditions needed to have workers that were chosen for the hard work, while Russian slaves producing a little bit of everything needed assorted workers that could do a little bit of everything.This leads to protection, everyone in the Caribbean was trying to produce sugar, and the masters didnt feel the need to have protection of the slaves, because all of the other slaves owned by other masters were busy doing the alike thing. Meanwhile in Russia, the master of the land felt the need to protect their versatile workers & their crops. The reason for the similarity in the products they produce was oddly region. The fact that both Russia & the Caribbean slaves were able to produce the same products was due to the fact that both regions had very fertile soil, & good weather conditions during cert ain times of the year.

Critique on Gordon Allport (Theories of Personality)

Gordon Allport- speculation re aspect PSY201 Boitumelo Chantelle Mangope ? Introduction Gordon Allport was truly a phenomenal soulality theoretician who explained what a personality is and he bent most of the rules that were set off by other theorists including the father of personality himself, Sigmund Freud and in addition to that, he considered Freuds surmise of personality as the worst possibleness of all time. The Life of Gordon Allport Gordon Allport was the first Ameri toilet-born personality theorist and hailed from the state of Indiana, Montezuma.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/allport-1.jpg alt=allport criticized h adeptst-to-goodness theories of personality for width=340 height=322 /He was born on 11 November 1897 and died a month before his s regular(a)tieth birthday (9 October 1967) due to lung cancer. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts, (majoring in Economics and Philosophy), Masters of Art in 1921 and a PhD (all three at Harvard University) at the tender age of 24. A fter he completed his degree, he took a gap year and taught English and Sociology at a university in Istanbul, Turkey. Gordon was lucky to keep fulfiled an sense with Sigmund Freud for when he was returning choke off to the U.S to start off fellowship to do graduate work in psychological science at Harvard, he stopped off at Vienna to visit maven of his brothers and wrote to Freud (who was set on that prognosticate) a letter asking for permission to visit him. The permission was granted and he explained there encounter as an unsuccessful on. He told Freud a story of whereby he met a young boy in a tram car ride who had a dirt phobia and he frantically told his return non to let a dirty piece of music sit next to him. Freud then went on to allude that the little boy was Allport and this ca intentiond a misunderstanding between them.This event lead to Allport having to probe further into psychology and the elements of personality beca theatrical role he felt that depth psy chology overlooked the primal truths. He developed a theory that ignored the unconscious and that was not scientifically-based thus, stating that in order for nonp atomic number 18il to learn about an or so unmatched, they have to be studied and not base the persons personality on their unconscious motives nor on a study that was based on a concourse of multitude and an average which determined that groups personality was found. During his charge, he held many prestigious positions and received many honors.Firstly, he served as the chair of the American Psychological Association (1939) and withal president of the Eastern Psychological Association (1943). He was similarly the editor of the Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology (1937-1949) and in 1964, he received the APAs Gold Medal Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology. In addition to that, he received another award, i. e. APAs Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (1964) and as if that wasnt enoug h, he was the first lecturer to inculcate the first course on psychology (the course was dubbed Personality Its Psychological & Social Aspects) eer offered in the United States.Work Gordon Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of personality, and is often referred to as one of the fathers of personality. He believed that ones personality could not be determined from the support of science and rather, by thoroughly studying an unmarried. He defined personality as the dynamic organization inwardly an one-on-one of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique ad mediocrements to his environment Allport was a feature theorist who believed that ones personality was do up from different attributes (i. . mental structures which initiate and guide reactions and thus ultimately accounts for the consistency in ones look) and those traits were organized accordingly. To further support this, he said that those traits arise within a prone situat ion e. g. if one has a trait of being aggressive, that trait will be suppressed until the pick up for it to be exposed to a situation due to a stimulus (e. g. during a quarrel). He jilted the behavioral (which he thought was too deep) and gentlemans gentlemanistic (which he thought wasnt deep enough) approaches.He emphatic on the uniqueness of each various(prenominal) and the importance of the exemplify, as opposed to his/her history, for understanding their personality. From that logical argument alone, it is overt that Allport was optimistic towards human nature for he further on went to say that there atomic number 18 individual traits, i. e. a unique pattern of traits which ar feature by an individual, and common traits, i. e. traits which argon purposed to suck up a group of individuals. One can clearly see that Allport was for human nature and uniqueness and appreciated that each individual had their protest pattern of traits which could not be exactly the same a s anyone else.He overly went on to say that individuals be motivated by present motives and not passed motives and called this supposition, the Functional Autonomy. Major concepts of Gordon Allport Gordon Allport deduced that there are different types of traits being individual traits and common traits. As mentioned earlier, individual traits are those traits which are possessed by a certain individual and common traits are those traits which are shared by some(prenominal) individuals. Allport believed that in order for a personality theorist to succeed in studying an individual, they (the theorist) should focus on the individual traits and not the common traits. Those individual traits are actually a cluster of traits and not just one trait. For example, a pattern of traits which I possess are the humanitarian trait, talkative trait, friendliness trait and many more. This pattern is unique to me for it is rare for any other individual to possess it. Gordon Allport believed in apply the idiographic method of question and not the nomothetic method of research because, with an idiographic method, a theorist or analyst uses a single case by means of intensively studying an individual whereas with a nomothetic method, one studies a group of individuals and deduces an average (i. . traits/ personality) for that group. Allport then went on to identify three types of individual traits (which he later called personal disposition). These were cardinal, central and secondary dispositions/traits. i. Cardinal Trait This trait is the one which dominates an individual and it shapes an individuals behavior and becomes the dominating theme within a person. An example would be of induce Theresa, the dominant theme which ran doneout her life was a humanistic theme. It is rare for most people to privation a single theme that shapes their lives. ii. Central traitsThese traits are global characteristics which are found in some degree in every person. These are the b asic building blocks that shape up most of our behavior although they are not as dominant as cardinal traits. An example would be a trait of honesty. iii. Secondary traits Secondary traits are similar to habits or attitudes but are still more general than either. They must be included in order to provide a complete picture of human complexity. An example would be the types of c dress circlehes or food that an individual prefers. Aspects of Gordon Allports theory that I want The same fire that softens the butter hardens the egg.That statement caught my attention when I read it and I went back to read the concept that was supported by it over and over once more until I really equate with it. The concept which supported that saying was Gordons concept of trait were he says that since no two people possess the same pattern of traits and that traits respond to an environmental situation (i. e. they are not al shipway present until the need for them arises), if a single stimulus was to be administered to two different people, they would reacted differently to that stimulus. I cudgel with this concept for this always happens to me.My best friend and I respond differently to stimuli. For example, I once make her buy my favourite ice-cream (because she didnt know which one to buy) and she ABSOLUTELY hated it This goes to show that Allport did in particular appreciate the fact that individuals are different, thus you cannot say that people who had horrible childhoods will turn out as X, Y and Z. I also favoured the Letters from Jenny Concept were Allport believes that one of the best methods to use in order to study an individual is to use personal documents such as diaries, autobiographies and letters.I also mortify with this for most females always write down their feelings through diaries. This has been told to us that it helps us relieve the pain or the stress and if a psychologist was to use ones diary to determine the traits which that person possesses. Ther e is a consistency which can be picked from a persons daily entrants that are within their diary. Aspects of Gordon Allports theory which I did not like Within Allports theory, there is a part whereby he talks about a healthy mature bountiful and an blebby (neurotic) adult.The difference between a healthy and a neurotic person is that is that the motives of an unhealthy person lie in the past whereas the motives of a healthy person lie in the future. I agree with that statement but I did not conquered with him where he mentions that one can swinging back and forth from being an unhealthy to healthy person and back to an unhealthy person (its a cycle). According to him, the characteristics of a healthy person are similar to those who have self-actualized (through Abraham Maslows theory of motivation) and Maslow states that in order for one to self-actualize, they need to go through a series of stages.So, the question here is that can a man go through important steps which help him build him up then instantly dilapidate and return back to an unhealthy state? Concepts that I would use in my personal theory For my personal theory, I would definitely use the Allports concept of trait (whereby he mentions that a stimulus is reacted differently to different people) because it is a concept which is very practical and one goes through it on a daily.Secondly, I would use his components of personality statement whereby he states that personality is constantly (Dynamic Organization) changing. This is evident for I believe that ones personality cannot be determined whilst they are within their first five years (unlike Sigmund Freud) because that individual is going to go through many trials and tribulations which will influence the person to ensure that they do not step into the same river again thus, they will change to a certain degree to ensure that they do not go through that again.For example, if a naive 17 year old girl has a trait of promiscuity and during her pri me time, she gets raped by individual who is totally unexpected two weeks before her BGSE exams, she WILL change her ways of living to ensure that she never has to go through that ordeal again. Personal Critique I believed that this theory is researchable qualitatively because it stresses on how one cannot use nomothetic methods of research and should instead, use the idiographic method of research because it involves an intense study for a single case.There are a lot of cases whereby one can do their own primary research to determine whether Allports guidelines are in line. Also, there is a lot of secondary data which is available online and even at the library which deal with Allports theory. However, there are a lot of people who have criticized Allports work by saying that it is impossible for one to ignore the fact that scientific research needs to be done in order for ones personality to be analyzed and assessed.This leaves a lot of field to do further investigations for some one who is interested in finding out whether Allports work is feasible by testing his concepts and also taking into consideration everything that the critics have said and ultimately, determining their one findings. I also believe that this theory is of clinical utility because as the saying goes, your past does not determine you future.There are patients who are not naturally expressive of how their past was shaped up (maybe because they may be too disconcert to voice it out) thus, a clinical psychologist could use any personal documents of the patient to try and determine problems which cannot be voiced out. Also, a clinical psychologist will be able to understand the pattern of traits that their patient has by probing on the matter of knowing what their motives are and ultimately, determine whether they are a healthy adult who is future driven and doesnt base his/her motives on the past (as of an unhealthy person).However, this theory will not ensure consistence because if three clinical psychologists were to analyze one patient, each of them will have a different analysis because they will all have their own opinions thus, they might not all agree on whether the individual is a healthy adult or not. This theory is highly applicable within Botswanas conclusion for Batswana are undefended people who are looking for ways in which they can better their futures. Therefore, the healthy and unhealthy concept would work greatly within our land.As a matter of a fact, the theory as a whole would experience high and positive agglutination within Botswana. In order for one to understand the nature of Botswanas culture, one has to look at it from the following point of view. The culture of Botswana may be looked in two aspects. The older generation practices enculturation* whereby they stand firm on the Tswana morals and beliefs and practice them on a regular, for example, the patlo, kgotla meetings & letlhafula events. The younger generation practices acculturat ion* whereby they are receptive towards other cultures and eventually practice them for example, following he pop culture of piercing on every part of ones body and wearing baggy (men and lesbians) and skimpy clothes (females and gays) and the culture of food (Western, Oriental, Italian and Vegetarian). If Allports theory was to be practiced within Botswana, it would have to be amongst the receptive group of Batswana who are willing and able to share their future goals (i. e. motives) and allow a psychologist to take a look at their personal documents and this is likely to be the younger generation.This theory is unique in its own way for it truly emphasizes on not using scientific methods when analyzing ones personality thus most theories are not like it. However, since Allport was a trait theorist, it can be noted that he wasnt the and trait theorist. Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysneck were also trait theorists who believed that one possesses a lot of traits. However, they used nom othetic methods of research thus, their beliefs were not the same as Allports theory. Allports theory does not emphasize on the development of personality at the expense of another.He focuses on personality as a whole and gives a holistic view of it. Since he did not conduct nomothetic research or scientific research, he could not use the backing of those research methods to determine whether when one aspect grows, another suffers on its account. Gordon Allport was truly a man who stood by his word no matter who criticized his work and he backed his concepts with relevant research that even a lame man would understand. He is one of my favorite personality theorists and I believe that his theory is applicable to my life.

The Keynesian School of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Keynesian School of Economics - Essay ExampleKeynes brought out theories that form a base to understand the undischarged depression. With the assist of these theories, Keynes attempted to explain how a thing as great depression could occur and suggested actions that could help in overcoming the same. The possibility also suggested a set of measures that could further avoid any(prenominal) such misadventure and could maintain a healthy balance of the overall economy that could support good amount of exercising along with an appropriate demand and supply. This would in turn promise that enough amount of money circulated in the grocery that could be used for business investments and productions to meet the demand.Individuals such as Robert Lucas, Thomas J. Sargent, and Robert Barro carried the theory precedent but at the same time questioned many another(prenominal) of its percepts. This resulted into small large modifications in the original theory and came to be know as Th e Keynesian Revolution in which new adjustments were proposed to the original Keynesian tenets.In many aspects, the Keynesian theory departed with the classical economics that was much prevalent in those days. Keynes debated that as proposed by the classical theory, the markets would not by itself win a state of full traffic equilibrium, but at any given point and amount of unemployment, an economy can come to a standstill and fillet any further progress. He also found the classical theory to be inadequate in providing equal financial opportunities and being unable to solve the problem of unemployment. The outstanding faults of the economic society in which we live are its failure to provide for full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealthiness and incomes Keynes, 1936.The classical theory advocated a policy of non-intervention by the state government in the economic personal matters and suggested that the economy is entirely self regulating that doe s not require any external manipulation for it to deliver the goods a state of balance. Whereas the Keynesian theory suggested that the economy would require appropriate manipulations to direct its growth in a desired manner and this is to be achieved by active involvement of the government by endlessly managing the amount of aggregate demand. Demand is the key by which the government could exercise control over the market and the total amount of employment. Aggregate demand shocks can cause significant changes in output and employment if agents adjust prices and wages in ways that are insignificantly suboptimal from their individual standpoints Page 43, N. Gregory. On this account the policies that are frame in on the basis of Keynesian theories are called Demand Management Policies. The Keynesian theory also does not fuck between short-run and long-run principles as the classical theory does. Keynes suggested that the economy could stabilize at any equilibrium level of income and that it was the role of the government to verify that the given equilibrium is appropriate for the state economy. If the equilibrium does not promise total employment, the government needs to interfere by using appropriate policies to achieve the desired equilibrium. In that case the government would either have to implement reflationary policy that can hike the aggregate demand or deflationary policy that can decrease the aggregate demand in the market. The chief theories put forward by Keynes were The Labor

American History Since 1865 Annotated Bibliography - 1

American History Since 1865 - Annotated Bibliography ExampleSite sum-up The site is very simplified to navigate and the other sites mentioned in it are quite useful and provid more information about the explanation of women suffrage. The writing is quite academic, because of the use of formal language and the reference to other important information. The information include on the webpage itself, however, is too short. It is more of an introduction to the wider history of womens suffrage. I believe it should have include already some more information about the key events of the suffrage history.Annotation This website analyzes how the Treaty of Versailles contributed to the disaster of the Weimar Republic. This corresponds to the material on pages 484-485 of our textbook. It discusses the territorial, military, financial, and judicial elements of the Treaty of Versailles. Scheck provides a detailed but brief analysis of what went improper and what went right with the Treaty and how it fuelled origination War II. He notes that the Treaty is judged as either too caustic or too lenient with Germany, and still, it failed to stop another war from erupting. By virtue of its inability to hold another World War, the Treaty of Versailles cannot be treated as a genuine peace compact that all stakeholders accept as fair and respectful of each nations autonomy.Site summary The site is easy to navigate and contains academic material. The author surely wrote with knowledge and experience about the topic, since he is a college professor in history. The analysis of the weaknesses and the strengths of the Treaty provided additional knowledge on the topic that is worth exploring further. This is an important resource for readers who want to know more about why the Treaty of Versailles also contributed to World War II. The main weakness of the website is that it does not cite its sources. There should have been footnotes at least to embody the facts and assertions ment ioned there.Annotation This website